Problem
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is projected to kill 39 million people and cost the global economy $100 trillion by 2050. No entirely new class of antibiotic has been discovered since the 1980s. The economics of antibiotic development are broken: a new class costs approximately $1.5 billion and 10-15 years to develop, with roughly 90% trial failure, yet generates only about $46M per year in average revenue. As a result, 18 major pharma firms have exited antibiotics since the 1990s, and 7 of the last 12 launchers went bankrupt or quit. Resistance is rising fastest exactly where the pipeline is emptiest.

